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artificial intelligence is the magic of

the moment but this is a story about

what's next something

incomprehensible tomorrow IBM will

announce and advance in an entirely new

kind of computing one that may solve

problems in minutes that would take

today's

supercomputers millions of years that's

the difference in Quantum Computing a

technology being developed at IBM Google

and others it's named for quantum

physics which describes the forces of

the subatomic realm the science is deep

and we can't scratch the surface but we

hope to explain enough so that you won't

be blinds Ed by a breakthrough that

could transform

civilization the quantum computer pushes

the limits of knowledge new science new

engineering all leading to this

processor that computes with the atomic

forces that created the universe I think

this moment it feels to us like the

Pioneers on the 1940s and 50s that were

building the first digital computer

computers Dario Gill is something of a

Quantum Crusader Spanish born with a PhD

in electrical engineering Gil is head of

research at IBM how much faster is this

than say the world's best super computer

today we are now in a stage where we can

do certain calculations with these

systems that would take the biggest

supercomputers in the world to be able

to do some similar calculation but the

beauty of it is that we see that we're

going to continue to expand that

capability such that not even a million

or a billion of those supercomputers

connected together could do the

calculations of these future

machines so we've come a long way and

the most exciting part is that we have a

road map and a journey right now where

that is going to continue to increase at

a r that is going to be shocking I'm not

sure the world is prepared for this

change definitely not to understand the

change go back to

1947 and the invention of a switch

called a transistor the transistor a new

name computers have processed

information on transistors ever since

getting faster as more transistors were

squeezed onto a chip billions of them

today but it takes that many because

each transistor holds information in

only two states it's either on or it's

off like a coin heads or tails Quantum

abandons transistors and encodes

information on electrons that behave

like this coin we created with animation

electrons behave in a way so that they

are heads and tails and everything in

between you've gone from hand in one bit

of information at a time on a transistor

to exponentially more

data you can see that there is fantastic

amount of information stored when you

can look at all possible angles not just

up or down physicist miio Kaku of the

City University of New York already

calls today's computers classical he

uses a maze to explain quantum's

difference let's look at a classical

computer calculating how a mouse

navigates a maze it is painful one by

one it has to map every single left turn

right turn left turn right turn before

it finds the goal now a quantum computer

scans all possible routes

simultaneously this is amazing how many

turns are there hundreds of possible

turns right quantum computers do it all

at once kaku's book titled Quantum

Supremacy

explains the stakes we're looking at a

race a race between China between IBM

Google Microsoft Honeywell all the big

boys are in this race to create a

workable operationally efficient quantum

computer because the nation or company

that does this will rule the world

economy but a reliable general purpose

quantum computer is a tough CL time yet

maybe that's why this wall is in the

lobby of Google's Quantum lab in

California here we got an inside look

starting with a microscope's view of

what replaces the transistor this right

here is one cubit and this is another

Cubit this is a 5 Cubit chain those

crosses at the bottom are cubits short

for Quantum bits they hold the electrons

and act like AR IAL atoms unlike

transistors each additional Cubit

doubles the computer's power it's

exponential so while 20 transistors are

20 times more powerful than one 20

cubits are a million times more powerful

than one so this gets positioned right

here on the fridge and this Karina Chow

Chief Operating Officer of Google's lab

showed us the processor that holds the

cubits much of that above chills the

cubits to what physicists call near

absolute zero near absolute zero I

understand is about 460° below 0o fah so

that's about as cold as anything can get

yes almost as cold as possible that

temperature inside a sealed computer is

one of the coldest places in the

universe the Deep Freeze eliminates

electrical resistance

and isolates the cubits from outside

vibrations so they can be controlled

with an electromagnetic field the cubits

must vibrate in unison but that's a

tough trick called coherence once you've

achieved coherence of the cubits how

easy is that to maintain it's really

hard um coherence is very challenging

coherence is fleeting in all similar

machines coherence breaks down

constantly creating errors we're making

about one error in every hundred or so

steps ultimately we think we're going to

need about one error in every million or

so steps that would probably be

identified as one of the biggest

barriers mitigating those errors and

extending coherence time while scaling

up to larger machines are the challenges

facing German American scientist hartmut

Nevan who founded Google's lab and its

casual style in 2012 can the problems

that are in the way of quantum Computing

be solved I should confess my subtitle

here is Chief

optimist so after having say this I

would say at this point we don't need

any more fundamental breakthroughs we

need little improvements here and there

we have all the pieces together we just

need to integrate them well to build

larger and larger systems and you think

that all of this will be integrated into

a system in what period of time yeah we

often say we want to do it by the end of

the decade so that we can use this

Kennedy quote and get it done by the end

of the decade the end of this decade yes

five or six years yes this that's about

the timeline Dario Gil predicts and the

IBM research director told us something

surprising there are problems that

classical computers can never solve can

never solve and I think this is an

important point because we're accustomed

to saying ah computers get better

actually there are many many problems

that are so

complex that we can make that statement

that actually classical computers will

never be able to solve that problem not

now not a 100 years from now not a

thousand years from now you actually

require a different way to represent

information and process information

that's what Quantum gives you there's

not Quantum could give us answers to

Impossible problems in physics chemistry

engineering and Medicine which is why

IBM and Cleveland Clinic have installed

one of the first quantum computers to

leave the lab for the real world takes

time it takes way too much time to find

the solutions we need right now we sat

down with dorio Gil and Dr sill SRO

Chief research officer at Cleveland

Clinic she told us healthc care would be

transformed if quantum computers can

model the behavior of proteins the

molecules that regulate all life

proteins change shape to change function

in ways too complex to follow and when

they get it wrong that causes disease it

takes on many shapes many many shapes

depending upon what it's doing and where

it is and which other protein it's with

I need to understand the shape it's in

when it's doing an interaction or a

function that I don't want it to do for

that patient cancer autoimmunity it's a

problem we are limited completely by the

computational ability to look at the

structure in real time for any even one

molecule Cleveland Clinic is so proud of

its quantum computer they set it up in a

Lobby behind the glass that shiny silver

cylinder encloses the kind of cooling

system and processor you saw earlier

Quantum is not solving the protein

problem yet this is more of a trial run

to introduce researchers to quantum's

potential the people using this machine

are they having to learn an entirely

different way to communicate with a

computer I think that's what's really

nice that you actually just use a

regular laptop and you write a program

uh very much like you would write a

traditional program but when you you

know click you know go and run it just

happens to run on a very different kind

of computer there are a half dozen

competing designs in the race China

named Quantum a top National priority

and the US government is spending nearly

a billion dollars a year on research the

first change comes next year when the US

publishes new standards for encryption

because Quantum is expected one day to

break the codes that lock everything

from National secrets to credit

cards tomorrow IBM will unveil its

Quantum system 2 with three times the

cubits as the machine you saw in

Cleveland this past August we saw a

system 2 Under Construction it's a

machine unlike anything we've ever built

and this is this is it this is it IBM's

Dario Gill told us system 2 has the room

to expand to thousands of cubits what

are the chances that this is one of

those things that's going to be ready in

5 years and always will be we don't see

an obstacle right now that will prevent

us from Building Systems that will have

tens of thousands and even 100,000

cubits working with each other so we are

highly confident that we will get there

the language of all the amazing things

we heard it was physicist miio Kaku who

led us down the path to the biggest idea

of all he said we were walking through a

quantum computer processing information

with subatomic particles is how the

universe works you know when I look at

the night sky I See Stars I look at the

flowers the trees I realized that it's

all Quantum the Splendor of the universe

itself the language of the universe is

the language of the

quantum learning that language may bring

more than inconceivable speed reverse

engineering Nature's computer could be a

window on creation

itself last month the nearest star to

the Earth was in California in a labor

labatory for the first time the world's

largest lasers forced atoms of hydrogen

to fuse together in the same kind of

energy producing reaction that fires the

sun it lasted less than a billionth of a

second but after six Decades of toil and

failure the Lawrence Livermore National

Laboratory proved it could be done if

Fusion becomes commercial power one day

it would be endless and carbon free in

other words it would change human

Destiny as you'll see there's far to go

but after December's breakthrough we

were invited to tour the lab and meet

the team that brought star power down to

earth uncontrolled Fusion is easy

mastered so long ago the films are in

Black and White Fusion is what a

hydrogen bomb does releasing energy by

forcing atoms of hydrogen to fuse

together what's been impossible is

harnessing the fires of Armageddon into

something

useful the US Department of Energy's

Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory

helps maintain nuclear weapons and

experiments with high energy physics an

hour east of San Francisco we met

livermore's director Kim budell in the

lab that made history the national

ignition

facility the national ignition facility

is the world's largest most energetic

laser it was built starting in the 1990s

to create conditions in the laboratory

that had previously only been accessible

in the most extreme objects in the

universe like the center of giant

planets or the Sun or in operating

nuclear weapons and the goal was to

really be able to study that kind of

very high energy high density condition

in a lot of detail the national ignition

facility or n was built for $35 billion

to ignite self-sustaining Fusion they

tried nearly 200 times over 13 years but

like a car with a weak battery the

atomic engine would never turn over nif

drew some nicknames it did uh for many

years the not ignition facility the

never ignition facility uh more recently

than nearly ignition facility so uh this

recent has really put the ignition in

the ni ignition means igniting a fusion

reaction that puts out more energy than

the lasers put in so if you can get it

hot enough dense enough fast enough and

hold it together long enough the fusion

reactions start to self- sustain and

that's really what happened here on

December 5th main laser operation will

begin in approximately one minute last

month the laser shot fired from this

control room put two units of energy

into the experiment Adams began fusing

and about three units of energy came out

Tammy ma who leads the lab's laser

Fusion research initiatives got the call

while waiting for a plane and I burst

into tears it was just tears of joy and

I actually physically started shaking

and and jumping up and down in in you

know at the gate before everybody bored

so everybody was like what is that crazy

woman doing Tammy ma is crazy about

engineering and that's another one of

our sensors for she showed us why the

problem of fusion would bring anyone to

Tears first there's the energy required

which is delivered by lasers in these

tubes that are longer than a football

field and how many are there altogether

192 total lasers each one of these

lasers is one of the most energetic in

the world and you have 192 of them

that's pretty cool right well pretty hot

actually millions of degrees which is

why they use keys to lock up the lasers

Shot director ready the beams strike

with a power 1,000 times greater than

the entire National power grid 3 2 1

shot your lights don't go out at home

when they take a shot because these

capacitors store the electricity in the

tubes the laser beams amplify by racing

back and forth and the Flash is a

fraction of a second we have to get to

these incredible conditions hotter

denser than the center of the Sun and so

we need all of that laser energy to get

to these very high energy densities all

that wallup vaporizes a Target nearly

too small to see can I hold this thing

absolutely

let it go there we go

unbelievable absolutely amazing Michael

Stater man's team builds the hollow

Target shells that are loaded with

hydrogen at

430° below zero the Precision that we

need for making these shells is Extreme

the shells are almost perfectly round uh

they have a roughness that is 100 times

better than a mirror you think about

that if it wasn't smoother than a mirror

imperfections would make the implosion

of atoms uneven causing a fusion fizzle

so these need to be as close to perfect

as humanly possible that's right this

way and we do think there are among the

most perfect items that we have on Earth

stator's lab pursues Perfection by

vaporizing carbon and forming the shell

out of diamond they build, 1500 a year

to make 150 nearly perfect all the

components are brought together under

the microscope itself and then the

assembler uses electromechanical stages

to put the parts where they're supposed

to go uh move them together and then we

apply glue using a hair a hair yeah

usually something like an eyelash or

similar or a cat whisker you apply glue

with a cat whisker this

way why does it have to be so small the

laser gives us only a finite amount of

energy and um to drive a bigger capsule

we would need more energy so it's a

constrain of the facility that you've

seen that is very large and despite its

big size this is about what we can drive

with it the target could be larger but

then the laser would have to be

larger on December 5th they used a

thicker Target so it would hold its

shape longer and they figured out how to

boost the power of the laser shot

without damaging the lasers so this is

an example of a Target before the shot

Tammy ma showed us an intact Target

assembly that diamond shell you saw is

inside that silver colored

cylinder this assembly goes into a blue

vacuum chamber three stories tall it's

hard to see here because it's bristling

with lasers and instruments

this instrument they called Dante

because they told us it measures the

fires of Hell one physicist said you

should see the target we blasted

December 5th which made us ask could we

have you seen this before this is the

first time I'm seeing it for tamy Ma and

for the world this is the first look at

what's left of the target assembly That

Changed History and our effect like

Bell's first phone or Edison's light

bulb this thing is going to end up in

the

Smithsonian the target cylinder was

blasted to Oblivion the Copper support

that held it was peeled backward the

explosion on the end of this was hotter

than the sun it was hotter than the

center of the sun we were able to

achieve temperatures that were the

hottest in the entire solar system which

would make an astronomical change in

electric power unlike today's nuclear

plants which split atoms apart fusing

them is many times more powerful with

little long-term radiation and it's easy

to turn off so no meltdowns but getting

from the first ignition to a power plant

will be hard how many shots do you take

in a day we take on average uh a little

more than one shot per date if this was

theoretically a commercial power plant

how many shots a day would be required

approximately 10 shots per second would

be required and the other big challenge

of course is not just increasing the

repetition rate but also getting the

gain out of the targets to go up to

about a factor of a 100 Not only would

the reactions have to produce 100 times

more energy but a power plant would need

9

100,000 perfect diamond shells a day

also the lasers would have to be much

more efficient remember December's

breakthrough put two units of energy in

and got three out well it took 300 units

of power to fire the lasers by that

standard it was 300 in three out that

detail was not front and center at the

department of energy December news

conference which fused the advance with

an unlikely timeline today's

announcement is a huge step forward uh

to the president's goal of achieve

achieving commercial Fusion within a

decade when you heard that President

Biden's goal was commercial fusion power

in a decade you thought what I thought

it was nonsense Charles cythe is a

trained mathematician science author and

professor at New York University who

wrote a 2008 book on the hyping of

fusion power I don't want to diminish

the fact that this is a real achievement

um ignition is a milestone that people

have been trying for to do for years I'm

afraid that there's so many technical

hurdles even after this great

achievement uh that 10 years is a pipe

dream those hurdles cyth says include

scaling up livermore's achievement the

sber shot generated about enough Excess

power to boil two pots of coffee the

hurdles might be overcome cyth says but

not soon I have a running bet going that

uh we're not going to have it by 2050

still betting against Charles Cy's

prophecy are more than 30 private

companies designing various approaches

to fusion power including using magnets

not lasers $3 billion in private money

flowed into those companies in the last

13 months including bets by Bill Gates

and Google amid all this speculation

Lawrence livermore's director Kim Buell

is certain of one thing can you do it

again absolutely they're going to try

again next month Buell agrees the

obstacles are enormous but she told us

commercial fusion power could be

demonstr ated in 20 years or so with

enough funding and

dedication we likened the first ignition

to the first Wright brothers flight

which covered only 120 ft it's one thing

to believe uh that the science is

possible uh that the conditions can be

created uh it's another to see it in

action and it really is a remarkable

feeling after working for 60 years to

get to this point

um to have first taken that first flight

flight it was 44 years from a puddle

jump to supersonic flight whether fusion

power is 10 or 50 years away is now

mainly an engineering problem Lawrence

Livermore has proven that from a machine

A Star is Born

whether you think artificial

intelligence will save the world or end

it you have Jeffrey Hinton to thank

Hinton has been called The Godfather of

AI a British computer scientist whose

controversial ideas help make advanced

artificial intelligence possible and so

change the world Hinton believes that AI

will do enormous good good but tonight

he has a warning he says that AI systems

may be more intelligent than we know and

there's a chance the machines could take

over which made us ask the

question does Humanity know what it's

doing

no

um I think we're moving into a period

when for the first time ever we may have

things more intelligent than us

you believe they can understand yes you

believe they are intelligent yes you

believe these systems have experiences

of their own and can make decisions

based on those experiences in the same

sense as people do yes are they

conscious I think they probably don't

have much self-awareness at present so

in that sense I don't think they're

conscious will they have self-awareness

Consciousness I oh yes I think they will

in time and so human beings will be the

second most intelligent beings on the

planet yeah Jeffrey Hinton told us the

artificial intelligence he set in motion

was an accident born of a failure in the

1970s at the University of Edinburgh he

dreamed of simulating a neural network

on a computer simply as a tool for what

he was really studying the human brain

but back back then almost no one thought

software could mimic the brain his PhD

advisor told him to drop it before it

ruined his career Hinton says he failed

to figure out the human mind but the

long Pursuit led to an artificial

version it took much much longer than I

expected it took like 50 years before it

worked well but in the end it did work

well at what point did you realize that

you were right about neural networks and

most everyone else was wrong I always

thought I was

right in 2019 Hinton and collaborators

Yan laon on the left and yosua Beno won

the touring award the Nobel Prize of

computing to understand how their work

on artificial neural networks helped

machines learn to learn let us take you

to a

game look at that oh my goodness this is

Google's AI lab in London which we first

showed you this past April Jeffrey

Hinton wasn't involved in this soccer

project but these robots are a great

example of machine learning the thing to

understand is that the robots were not

programmed to play soccer they were told

to score they had to learn how on their

own oh go

in general here's how AI does it Henton

and his collaborators created software

in layers with each layer handling part

of the problem that's the so-called

neural network but this is the key when

for example the robot scores a message

is sent back down through all of the

layers that says that pathway was right

likewise when an answer is wrong that

message goes down through the network so

correct connections get stronger wrong

connections get weaker and by trial and

error the machine teaches itself you

think these AI systems are better at

learning than the human mind I think

they may be yes and at present they're

quite a lot smaller so even the biggest

chatbots only have about a trillion

Connections in them the human brain has

about 100 trillion and yet in the

trillion Connections in a chatbot it

knows far more than you do in your 100

trillion connections which suggests it's

got a much better way of getting

knowledge into those connections a much

better way of getting knowledge that

isn't fully understood we have a very

good idea of sort of roughly what it's

doing but as soon as it gets really

complicated we don't actually know

what's going on anymore than we know

what's going on in your brain what do

you mean we don't know exactly how it

works it was designed designed by people

no it

wasn't what we did was we designed the

learning algorithm that's a bit like

designing the principle of evolution but

when this learning algorithm then

interacts with data it produces

complicated neural networks that are

good at doing things but we don't really

understand exactly how they do those

things what are the

implications of these systems

autonomously writing their own computer

code and executing their own computer

code that a serious worry right so one

of the ways in which these systems might

Escape control is by writing their own

computer code to modify

themselves and that's something we need

to seriously worry about what do you say

to someone who might argue if the

systems become benevolent just turn them

off they will be able to manipulate

people right and these will be very good

at convincing people because they'll

have learned from all the novels that

were ever written written all the books

by

makavelli all the political connives

they'll know all that stuff they'll know

how to do it noow of the human kind runs

in Jeffrey hinton's family his ancestors

include mathematician George buou who

invented the basis of computing and

George Everest who surveyed India and

got that mountain named after him but as

a boy Hinton himself could never climb

the peak of expectations raised by a

domineering father every morning when I

went to school he'd actually say to me

as I walk down the driveway get in there

pitching and maybe when you're twice as

old as me you'll be half as good dad was

an authority on Beatles he knew a lot

more about beatles than he knew about

people did you feel that as a child a

bit yes when he died we went to his

study at the University and the walls

were lined with boxes of papers on

different kinds of beetle and just near

the door there was a slightly smaller

box that simply said not insects and

that's where he had all the things about

the

family today at 75 Hinton recently

retired after what he calls 10 happy

years at Google now he's professor

ameritus at the University of Toronto

and he happened to mention he had has

more academic citations than his father

some of his research led to chatbots

like Google's Bard which we met last

spring confounding absolutely

confounding we asked Bard to write a

story from six words for sale baby shoes

never

worn holy cow the shoes were a gift from

my wife but we never had a baby Bard

created a deeply human tale of a man

whose wife could not conceive and a

stranger who accepted the shoes to heal

the pain after her miscarriage I am

rarely

speechless I don't know what to make of

this chatbots are said to be language

models that just predict the next most

likely word based on probability you'll

hear people saying things like they're

just doing autocomplete they're just

trying to predict the next word and

they're just using statistics

well it's true they're just trying to

predict the next word but if you think

about it to predict the next word you

have to understand the sentences so the

idea they're just predicting the next

words so they're not intelligent is

crazy you have to be really intelligent

to predict the next word really

accurately to prove it Hinton showed us

a test he devised for chat gp4 the

chatbot from a company called open AI it

was sort of reassuring to see a turing

Award winner mistype and blame the

computer oh damn this thing we're going

to go back and start again that's okay

hinton's test was a riddle about house

painting an answer would demand

reasoning and

planning this is what he typed into chat

gp4 the rooms in my house are painted

white or blue or yellow and yellow paint

Fades to White within a year in two

years time I'd like all the rooms to be

white what should I do the answer began

in one second gp4 advised the rooms

painted in blue need to be repainted the

rooms painted in yellow don't need to be

repainted because they would Fade to

White before the deadline and oh I

didn't even think of that it warned if

you paint the yellow rooms white there's

a risk the color might be off when the

yellow Fades besides it advised you'd be

wasting resources painting rooms that

were going to Fade to White anyway you

believe that chat GPD

4 understands I believe it definitely

understands yes and in 5 years time I

think in 5 years time it may well be

able to reason better than us reasoning

that he says is leading to ai's Great

risks and great benefits

so an obvious area where there's huge

benefits is Healthcare AI is already

comparable with Radiologists at

understanding what's going on in medical

images it's going to be very good at

designing drugs it already is designing

drugs so that's an area where it's

almost entirely going to do good I like

that area the risks are

what well the risks are having a whole

class of people who are unemployed

and not valued much because what they

what they used to do is now done by

machines other immediate risks he

worries about include fake news

unintended bias in employment and

policing and autonomous Battlefield

robots what is a path forward that

ensures

safety I don't know I I can't see a path

that guarantees safety

that we're entering a period of great

uncertainty where we're dealing with

things we've never dealt with before and

normally the first time you deal with

something totally novel you get it wrong

and we can't afford to get it wrong with

these things can't afford to get it

wrong why well because they might take

over take over from Humanity yes that's

a possibility why would they I'm not

saying it will happen if we could stop

them ever wanting to that would be great

but it's not clear we can stop them ever

wanting

to Jeffrey told us he has no regrets

because of ai's potential for good but

he says now is the moment to run

experiments to understand AI for

governments to impose regulations and

for a world treaty to ban the use of

military robots he reminded us of Robert

Oppenheimer who after inventing the

atomic bomb campaigned against the

hydrogen bomb a man who changed the

world and found the world Beyond his

control it maybe we look back and see

this as a kind of Turning Point when

Humanity had to make the decision about

whether to develop these things further

and what to do to protect themselves if

they did um I don't know I think my main

message is there's enormous uncertainty

about what's going to happen

next these things do understand and

because they understand we need to think

hard about what's going to happen next

and we just don't

know we may look on our time as the

moment civilization was transformed as

it was by fire Agriculture and

electricity in 2023 we learned that a

machine taught itself how to speak to

humans like a peer with which is to say

with creativity truth errors and lies

the technology known as a chatbot is

only one of the recent breakthroughs in

artificial intelligence machines that

can teach themselves superhuman skills

in April we explored what's coming next

at Google a leader in this new world CEO

Sundar Pai told us AI will be as good or

as evil as human nature allows the

revolution he says is coming faster than

you know do you think Society is

prepared for what's coming you know

there are two ways I think about it on

one hand I feel no uh because you know

the pace at which we can think and adapt

as societal institutions compared to the

PACE at which the technology is evolving

there seems to be a

mismatch on the other hand compared to

any other technology I've seen more

people worried about it earlier in its

life cycle so I feel optimistic the

number of people you know who have

started worrying about the implications

and hence the conversations are starting

in a serious way as well I guess our

conversations with 50-year-old Sundar

Pai started at Google's new campus in

Mountain View California it runs on 40%

solar power and collects more water than

it uses Hightech that Pai couldn't have

imagined growing up in India with no

telephone at home we were on a waiting

list to get a rotary phone and for about

5 years and it finally came home I can

still recall it vividly it changed our

lives to me it was the first moment I

understood the power of what getting

access to technology meant so probably

led me to be doing what I'm doing

today what he's doing since 2019 is

leading both Google and its parent

company alphabet valued at

$1.5

trillion worldwide Google runs 90% of

internet searches and 70% of smartphones

we're really excited about but it's

dominance was attacked this past

February when Microsoft linked its

search engine to a chatbot in a race for

AI dominance in March Google released

its chatbot named bard

it's really here to help you brainstorm

ideas to generate content like a speech

or a blog post or an email we were

introduced to Bard by Google vice

president sha and Senior Vice

President James manika here's Bard the

first thing we learned was that Bard

does not look for answers on the

internet like Google search does so I

wanted to get inspiration from some of

the best speeches in the World Bard's

replies come from a self-contained

program that was mostly self-taught our

experience was unsettling confounding

absolutely confounding Bard appeared to

possess the sum of human

knowledge with microchips more than

100,000 times faster than the human

brain summarize the we asked Bard to

summarize the New Testament it did in 5

seconds and 17 words in Latin we asked

for it in Latin that took another 4

seconds then we played with a famous

six-word short story often attributed to

Hemingway for sale baby shoes never worn

wow the only prompt we gave was finish

this

story in 5

seconds holy cow the shoes were a gift

from my wife but we never had a baby

they were from The six-word Prompt Bard

created a deeply human tale with

characters it invented including a man

whose wife could not conceive and a

stranger grieving after a miscarriage

and longing for

closure uh I am rarely

speechless I don't know what to make of

this give me we asked for the story in

verse in 5 seconds there was a poem

written by a machine with breathtaking

insight into the mystery of Faith Bard

wrote she knew her baby Soul would

always be

alive the humanity at superhuman speed

was a shock how was this possible so

James manika told us that over several

months Bard read most everything on the

internet internet and created a model of

what language looks like rather than

search its answers come from this

language model so for example if I said

to you Scott peanut butter and jelly

right so it tries and learns to predict

okay so peanut butter usually is

followed by jelly it tries to predict

the most probable next words based on

everything it's learned uh so it's not

going out to find stuff it's just

predicting the next word but it doesn't

feel like that we asked Bard why it

helps people and it replied quote

because it makes me happy Bard to my eye

appears to be thinking appears to be

making

judgments that's not what's happening

these machines are not sensient they are

not aware of themselves they're not

sensient they're not aware of themselves

uh they can exhibit behaviors that look

like that because keep in mind they've

learned from us we are sentient beings

we have beings that have feelings

emotions ideas thoughts

perspectives we've reflected all that in

books in novels in fiction so when they

learn from that they build patterns from

that so it's no surprise to me that the

exhibited behavior sometimes looks like

maybe there's somebody behind there

there's nobody there there these are not

sensient beings they not Zimbabwe born

Oxford educated James manika holds a new

position at Google his job is to think

about how Ai and Humanity will best

coexist AI has a potential to change

many ways in which we've thought about

Society about what we're able to do the

the problems we can solve but AI itself

will pose its own problems could Heming

way WR a better short story maybe but

Bard can write a million before

Hemingway could finish one imagine that

level of automation across the economy a

lot of people can be replaced by this

technology yes there are some job

occupations that will start to decline

over time there are also new job

categories that will grow over time but

the biggest change will be the jobs that

will be changed something like more than

2third will have their definitions

change not go away but change because

they're now being assisted by Ai and by

automation so this is a profound change

which has implications for skills how do

we assist people build new skills learn

to work alongside machines and how do

these complement what people do today

this is going to impact every product

across every company and and so that's

why I think it's a a very very profound

technology and so we are just in early

days every product in every company

that's right AI will impact everything

so for example you could be a

radiologist you know if I if you think

about 5 to 10 years from now you're

going to have a AI collaborator with you

it may triage you come in the morning

you let's say you have 100 things to go

through it may say these are the most

serious cases you need to look at first

or when you're looking at something it

may pop up and say you may have missed

something important why wouldn't we you

know why would we take advantage of a

superpowered assistant to help you

across everything you do you maybe a

student trying to learn math or history

and you know you will have something

helping you there are we ask Pai what

jobs would be disrupted he said

knowledge workers people like writers

accountants Architects and ironically

software Engineers AI writes computer

code too today sundarai walks a narrow

line a few employees have quit some

believing that Google's AI rollout is

too slow others too fast there are some

serious flaws there's a return of

inflation James manika asked Bard about

inflation it wrote an instant essay in

economics and recommended five

books but days later we checked none of

the books is real bar fabricated the

titles this very human trait error with

confidence is called in the industry

hallucination are you getting a lot of

hallucinations uh yes uh you know which

is expected no one in the in the field

has yet solved the hallucination

problems all models uh do have uh this

as an issue is it a solvable problem

it's a matter of intense debate

I think we'll make progress to help cure

hallucinations Bard features a Google it

button that leads to oldfashioned search

Google has also built safety filters in

debard to screen for things like hate

speech and bias how great a risk is the

spread of disinformation AI will

challenge that in a deeper way the scale

of this problem is going to be much

bigger bigger problems he says with fake

news and fake images it will be possible

with AI to create uh you know a video

easily where it could be Scott saying

something or me saying something and we

never said that and it could look

accurate but you know at a societal

scale you know can cause a lot of harm

is Bard safe for

society the way we have launched it

today uh as an experiment in a limited

way uh I think so but we all have to be

responsible in each step along the way

this past spring Google released an

advanced version of Bard that can write

software and connect to the internet

Google says it's developing even more

sophisticated AI models you are letting

this out slowly so that Society can get

used to

it that's one part of it uh one part is

also so that we get the user feedback

and we can develop more robust safety

layers before we build before we deploy

more capable models interacting with of

the AI issues we talked about the most

mysterious is called emergent

properties some AI systems are teaching

themselves skills they weren't expected

to have how this happens is not well

understood for example one Google AI

program adapted on its own

after it was prompted in the language of

Bangladesh which it was not trained to

translate we discovered that with very

few amounts of prompting in Bengali he

can now translate all of Bengali so now

all of a sudden we now have a research

effort where we're now trying to get to

a thousand languages there is an aspect

of this which we call all of us in the

field call it as a black box you know

you don't fully understand and you can't

quite tell why it said this or why it

got wrong we have some ideas and our

ability to understand this gets better

over time but that's where the stateof

thee art is you don't fully understand

how it works and yet you've turned it

loose on society let me put it this way

I don't think we fully understand how a

human mind works either was it from that

black box we wondered that Bard Drew its

short story that seems so disarming

human it talked about the pain that

humans feel it talked about

Redemption how did it do all of those

things if it's just trying to figure out

what the next right word is me I've had

these experiences uh talking with b as

well there are two views of this you

know there are a set of people who view

this as look these are just algorithms

they're just repeating what it's seen

online then there is the view where

these algorithms are showing emerging

properties to be creative to reason to

plan and so on right and and personally

I think we need to be uh we need to

approach this with humility part of the

reason I think it's good that some of

these Technologies are getting out is so

that Society you know people like you

and others can process what's happening

and we begin this conversation and

debate and I think it's important to do

that when we come back we'll take you

inside Google's artificial intelligence

Labs where robots are

learning the revolution in artificial

intelligence is the center of a debate

ranging from those who hope it will save

Humanity to those who predict Doom

Google lies somewhere in the optimistic

middle introducing AI in steps so that

Civilization can get used to it we saw

what's coming next in machine learning

earlier this year at Google's AI lab in

London a company called Deep Mind where

the future looks something like

this look at that oh my goodness they've

got a pretty good kick on them can still

go a good good game a soccer match at

Deep Mind looks like fun in games but

here's the thing humans did not program

these robots to play they learned the

game by themselves it's coming up with

these interesting different strategies

different ways to walk different ways to

block and they're doing it they're

scoring over and over again Mr Robot

here Rya hadel vice president of

research and Robotics showed us how

engineers used motion capture technology

to teach the AI program how to move like

a human but on the soccer pitch the

robots were told only that the object

was to score the self-learning program

spent about two weeks testing different

moves it disgarded those that didn't

work built on those that did and created

Allstars there's another goal and with

practice they get better Hansel told us

that independent from the robots the AI

program plays thousands of games from

which it learns and invents its own

tactics here you think that red player

is going to grab it but instead it just

stops IT hands it back passes it back

and then goes for the goal and the AI

figured out how to do that on its that's

right that's right and it takes a while

at first all the players just run after

the ball together like a gaggle of

you know six- year olds the first time

they're they're they're playing ball

over time what we start to see is now ah

what's the strategy you go after the

ball I'm coming around this way or we

should pass or I should block while you

get to the goal so we see all of that

coordination um emerging in the

play this is a lot of fun but what are

the practical implications of what we're

seeing here this is the type of research

that can event eventally lead to robots

that can come out of the factories and

work in other types of human

environments you know think about mining

think about dangerous construction work

um or exploration or Disaster Recovery

these are R hadsel is among 1,000 humans

at Deep Mind the company was co-founded

just 12 years ago by CEO Deus pabus so

if I think back to 2010 when we started

nobody was doing there was nothing going

on in Industry people used to ey roll

when we talked to them investors about

doing AI so we couldn't we could barely

get two cents together to start off with

which is crazy if you think about now

the billions being invested into AI

startups and Cambridge Harvard MIT hbus

has degrees in computer science and

Neuroscience his PhD is in human

imagination and imagine this when he was

12 in his age group he was the number

two chess champion in the

world it was through games that he came

to

AI I've been working on AI for for

decades now and I've always believed

that it's going to be the most important

invention that Humanity will ever make

will the pace of change outstrip our

ability to

adapt I don't think so I think that we

um you know we're sort of an infinitely

adaptable species um you know you look

at today us using all of our smartphones

and other devices and we effortlessly

sort of adapt to these new technologies

and this is going to be another one of

those changes like that among the

biggest changes at Deep Mind was the

discovery that self-learning machines

can be creative so this is hababa showed

us a game playing program that learns

it's called Alpha zero and it dreamed up

a winning chess strategy no human had

ever seen but this is just a machine how

does it achieve creativity it plays

against itself tens tens of millions of

times so it can explore um parts of

Chess that maybe human chess players and

and and programmers who program chess

computers haven't thought about before

it never gets tired it never gets hungry

it just plays chess all the time yes

it's it's kind of an amazing thing to

see because actually you set off Alpha

zero in the morning uh and it starts off

playing randomly by lunchtime you know

it's able to beat me and beat most chess

players and then by the evening it's

stronger than the world champion Deus

saaba sold Deep Mind to Google in

2014 one reason was to get his hands on

this Google has the enormous computing

power that AI needs this Computing

Center is in Prior Oklahoma but Google

has 23 of these putting it near the top

in computing power in the world this is

one of two advances that make a AI

ascendant now first the sum of all human

knowledge is online and second Brute

Force Computing that very Loosely

approximates the neural networks and

talents of the brain things like memory

imagination planning reinforcement

learning these are all things that are

known about how the brain does it and we

wanted to replicate some of that uh in

our AI systems you predict one of those

indiv those are some of the elements

that led to deep mind's greatest

achievement so far solving an impossible

problem in

biology proteins are building blocks of

life but only a tiny fraction were

understood because 3D mapping of just

one could take years deep mine created

an AI program for the protein problem

and set it Loose well it took us about

four or five years to to figure out how

to build the system it was probably our

most complex project we've ever

undertaken but once we did that it can

solve uh a protein structure in a matter

of seconds and actually over the last

year we did all the 200 million proteins

that are known to science how long would

it have taken using traditional methods

well the rule of thumb I was always told

by my biologist friends is that it it

takes a whole PhD 5 years to do one

protein structure experimentally so if

you think 200 million times five that's

a billion years of PhD time it would

have taken Deep Mind Made its protein

database public a gift to humanity

havabus called it how has it been used

it's been used in uh in enormously broad

number of ways actually from U malaria

vaccines to developing new enzymes that

can eat plastic waste um to new uh

antibiotics most AI systems today do one

or maybe two things well the soccer

robots for example can't write up a

grocery list or book your travel or

drive your car the ultimate goal is

what's called artificial general

intelligence a learning machine that can

score on a wide range of talents would

such a machine be conscious of itself so

that's another great question we you

know philosophers haven't really settled

on a definition of Consciousness yet but

if we mean by sort of self-awareness and

uh these kinds of things um you know I

think there is a possibility AIS one day

could be I definitely don't think they

are today um but I think again this is

one of the fascinating scientific things

we're going to find out on this journey

towards

AI even unconscious current AI is

superhuman in narrow ways back in

California we saw Google Engineers

teaching skills that robots will

practice continuously on their own push

the blue cube to the blue triangle they

comprehend instructions push the yellow

hexagon to the yellow heart and learn to

recognize objects what would you like

how about an apple how about an apple on

my way I will bring an apple to youy

Vincent vanok senior director of

Robotics showed us how robot 106 was

trained on millions of images I am going

to pick up the apple and can recognize

all the items on a crowded countertop if

we can give the robot A diversity of EXP

experiences a lot more different objects

in different settings the robot gets

better at every one of them now that

humans have pulled the forbidden fruit

of artificial knowledge thank you we

start the Genesis of a new Humanity AI

can utilize all the information in the

world what no human could ever hold in

their head and I wonder if humanity is

diminished by this enormous capability

that we're

developing I think the possibility of AI

do not diminish uh Humanity in any way

and in fact in some ways I think they

actually raise us to even deeper more

profound questions Google's James manika

sees this moment as an inflection point

history I think we're constantly adding

these superpowers or capabilities to

what humans can do do in a way that

expands possibilities as opposed to

narrow them I think so I don't think of

it as diminishing humans but it does

raise some really profound questions for

us who are we what do we value uh what

are we good at how do we relate with

each other those become very very

important questions that are constantly

going to be in one case sense exciting

but perhaps unsettling too it is an

unsettling moment critics argue the rush

to AI comes too fast while competitive

pressure among giants like Google and

startups You' never heard of is

propelling Humanity into the Future

Ready or not but I think if I take a

10year

Outlook it is so clear to me we will

have some form of very capable

intelligence that can do amazing things

and we need to adapt as a society for it

Google CEO Sundar Pai told us Society

must quickly adapt with regulations for

AI in the economy laws to punish abuse

and treaties among nations to make AI

safe for the worldy you know these are

deep questions and you know we call this

alignment you know one way we think

about how do you develop AI systems that

are aligned to human values and

including

uh

morality this is why I think the

development of this needs to include not

just Engineers but social scientists

ethicists philosophers and so on and I

think we have to be very thoughtful and

I think these are all things Society

needs to figure out as we move along

it's not for a company to

decide we'll end with a note that had

never appeared on 60 Minutes but one in

the AI Revolution ution you may be

hearing often the proceeding was created

with 100% human

content only four companies in the world

are worth more than $2 trillion

Microsoft Apple alphabet parent company

of Google and computer chip maker Nvidia

the California based company saw its

stock market value soore from 1 trillion

to $2 trillion in just8 months this past

year fueled by the insatiable demand for

its cuttingedge technology the hardware

and software that make today's

artificial intelligence possible we

wondered how a company founded in 1993

to improve video game Graphics turned

into a Titan of 21st century AI so we

went to Silicon Valley to meet nvidia's

61-year-old co-founder and CEO Jensen

hang who has no doubt AI is about to

change

[Music]

everything at nvidia's annual developers

conference this past March the mood

wasn't just

upbeat it was downright giddy more than

11,000 enthusiasts software developers

Tech Moguls and happy shareholders filed

into San Jose's Pro Hockey Arena to kick

off a 4-day AI

Extravaganza they came to see this man

Jensen hang CEO of Nvidia welcome to

GTC what was that like for you to walk

out on that stage and see that you know

Bill I'm an engineer not a performer

when I walked out there and all of the

people people going crazy it took the

breath out of me and so I was the

scariest I've ever been I'm still

scared you'd never know it clad in his

signature cool black outfit Jensen

shared the stage with Nvidia powered

robots let me finish up real quick and

shared his vision of an AI future a new

Industrial Revolution it reminded us of

the transformational moment when Apple

Steve Jobs unveiled the iPhone Jensen Ju

unveiled nvidia's latest Graphics

Processing Unit or GPU this is Blackwell

designed in America but made in Taiwan

like most advanced semiconductors

Blackwell he says is the fastest chip

ever Google is gearing up for Blackwell

the whole industry is gearing up for

Blackwell Nvidia ushered in the AI

Revolution with its game changing GPU a

single chip able to process a myriad of

calculations all at once not

sequentially like more standard chips

the GPU is the engine of nvidia's AI

computer enabling it to rapidly absorb a

fire hose of information it does

quadrillions of calculations a second

it's just insane numbers is it doing

things now that surprise you we're

hoping that it does things that surprise

us that's the whole point in some areas

like drug Discovery designing better

materials that are lighter stronger we

need artificial intelligence to help us

explore the universe in places that we

could have never done ourselves let me

show you here bill look at this Jensen

took us around the GTC convention hall

to show us what AI has made possible in

just the past few years I'm making your

drink now some Creations were dazzling

this is a digital twin of the earth once

it learns how to calculate weather it

can calculate and predict weather 3,000

times faster than than a supercomputer

and a thousand times less energy but

nvidia's AI Revolution extends far

beyond this Hall blue

metallic spaceship and let's generate

something panar Sean demera is

originally from Istanbul but co-founded

cubric near Boston her AI application

uses Invidia gpus to instantly turn a

simple text prompt into a virtual movie

set for a fraction of the cost of

today's backdrops this isn't something

that's already planned no we're doing it

in real time it's life is Hollywood

knocking at your door and we're we're

getting a lot of

love nearby at generate biom medicines

Dr Alex Snider head of research and

development is using nvidia's technology

to create protein-based drugs she was

surprised at first to see they showed

promise in the lab

when I was told about the application of

AI to drug development I sort of rolled

my eyes and said yeah you know show me

the data and then I looked at the data

and it was very compelling Dr Snider's

team asks its AI models to create new

proteins to fight specific diseases like

cancer and Asthma a new way to defeat

the Corona virus is now in clinical

trials you're now working with proteins

that do not exist in nature that you're

coming up up with by way of AI yes we

are actually generating what we call

denovo completely new structures that

have not existed before do you trust it

as scientists we can't trust we have to

test we're not putting Frankenstein into

people we're taking what's known and

we're really pushing the field we're

pushing the biology to make drugs that

look like regular drugs but function

even better this is a technology that

will only get better from here Brett

Adcock is C CEO of figure a Silicon

Valley startup with funding from Nvidia

look at his answer to labor shortages an

Nvidia GPU driven prototype called

Figure one I think what's been really

extraordinary is the pace of progress

we've made in 21 months from zero to

this in 2 Z to this yeah we we were

walking this robot in under a year since

I Incorporated the company could you do

this without nvidia's technology we

think they're arguably the best in the

world at this

I don't know if this would be possible

without them I'm here to assist with

tasks as requested we were amazed that

figure one is not just walking but

seemed to reason hand me something

healthy on it figure one was able to

understand I wanted the orange not the

packaged snack thank you it's not yet

perfected yeah you're going to get it

but the early results are so promising

German automaker BMW plans to start

testing the robot in its South Carolina

Factory this year I think there's an

opportunity to ship billions of robots

in the coming

decades onto the planet billions I would

think that a lot of workers would look

at that as this robot is taking my job I

think over time Ai and Robotics will

start doing more and more what humans

can and better but what about the worker

the workers work for companies and so

companies when they become more

productive earnings increase I've never

seen one company that had earnings

increase and not hire more people there

are some jobs that are going to become

obsolete well let me offer it this way I

believe that you still want human in the

loop because we have good judgment

because there are circumstances that the

machines are not just not going to

understand the futuristic Invidia campus

sits just down the road from its modest

birthplace this Denny's in San Jose good

morning where 31 years ago Nidia was

just an idea my goodness when he was 15

Jensen hang worked as a dishwasher at

Denny's as a 30-year-old electrical

engineer married with two children he

and two friends Invidia co-founders

Chris malikowski and Curtis PR

envisioned a whole new way of processing

video game Graphics so we came here

right here to this Denny's sat right

back there and the three of us decided

to start the company frankly I had no

idea how to do it and nor did they none

of us knew how to do anything they are

big idea accelerate the processing power

of computers with a new graphics chip

their initial attempt flopped and nearly

bankrupted the company in

1996 and the genius of the engineer and

chrisen Curtis um we pivoted to the

right way of doing things and created

their groundbreaking GPU the chip took

video games from

this to this today completely changed

computer Graphics saved the company uh

launched us into into the stratosphere

just 8 years after Denny's Nvidia earned

a spot in the S&P 500 Jensen then said

his sight on developing the software and

hardware for a revolutionary GPU driven

supercomputer which would take the

company far beyond video games to Wall

Street it was a risky bet to early

developers of AI it was a revelation was

that luck or was that Vision that was a

a luck founded by Vision we invented

this capability and then one day the

researchers that were uh creating deep

learning

discovered this architecture because

this architecture turns out to have been

perfect for them perfect for AI perfect

for AI this is the first one we've ever

shipped in 2016 Jensen delivered

nvidia's AI supercomputer the first of

its kind to Elon Musk then a board

member of open AI which used it to

create the building blocks of chat GPT

how are you when AI took off hey guys so

did Jensen hang's

reputation can we get a picture yeah

yeah he's now a Silicon Valley celebrity

he told us the boy who immigrated from

Taiwan at age n could never have

conceived of this it is the most

extraordinary thing bill that a

normal dishwasher bus boy could grow up

to be this there's no magic it's just 61

years of hard work every single day I

don't think there's anything more than

that we met a humble Jensen at Denny's

back at nvidia's headquarters in Santa

Clara we saw he can be intense let me

tell you what some of the people who you

work with said about you demanding

perfectionist not easy to work for all

that sound right perfectly yeah it

should be like that if you want to do

extraordinary things it shouldn't be

easy all are you guys keep up the good

work Nvidia has has never done better

investors are bullish but last year more

than 600 top AI scientists ethicists and

others signed this statement urging

caution warning of ai's risk to humanity

when I talked to you and I hear you

speak Part of Me Goes GE whiz and the

other part of me goes oh my God what are

we in for yeah yeah which one is it it's

both it's both yeah you're feeling all

the right feelings I feel both you feel

both sure sure Humanity will have the

choice to see themselves inferior to

machines or Superior to machines Pinar

Sean demera is an AI Optimist though she

named her company cubric an homage to

Stanley kubri the director of 2001 A

Space Odyssey hello H do you read me in

that film how the AI computer goes Rogue

open the pod baby doors

hell I'm sorry Dave I'm afraid I can't

do that I think that's what worries

people about AI that we will lose

control of it just because a machine can

do faster calculations comparisons and

analytical solution creation that

doesn't make you smarter than you it's

simply computat faster in my world in my

belief smarts have to do with your

capacity City to love create expand

transcend these are qualities that no

machine can ever bear that are reserved

to Only Humans there is something going

on Jensen hang sees an AI future of

progress and prosperity not one with

machines as our masters we can only hope

he's right thank you all for coming

thank you

artificial intelligence has found its

way into nearly every part of our Lives

forecasting weather diagnosing diseases

writing term papers and now ai is

probing that most human of places our

psyches offering mental health support

just you and a chatbot available 24/7 on

your smartphone there's a critical

shortage of human therapists and a

growing number of potential patients Aid

driven chatbots are designed to help

fill that Gap by giving therapists a new

tool but as you're about to see like

human therapists not all chatbots are

equal some can help heal some can be

ineffective or Worse one Pioneer in the

field who has had notable success

joining Tech with treatment is Allison

Darcy she believes the future of mental

health care may be right in our hands

we know the majority of people who need

care are not getting it there's never

been a greater need and the tools

available have never been um as

sophisticated as they are now and it's

not about how can we get people in the

clinic it's how can we actually get some

of these tools out of the clinic and

into the hands of of people Allison

Darcy a research psychologist and

entrepreneur decided to use her

background in coding and therapy to

build something she believes can help

people in need a mental health chatbot

she named wobot like wo is me wo is me

uhhuh wobot is an app on your phone kind

of a pocket therapist that uses the text

function to help manage problems like

depression anxiety addiction and

loneliness and do it on the run I think

a lot of people out there watching this

are going to be thinking really computer

Psychiatry come on well I think it's so

interesting that our field hasn't you

know had a great great deal of

innovation since the basic architecture

was sort of laid down by Freud in the

1890s right that that's really that sort

of idea of like two people in a room but

that's not how we live our lives today

we have to modernize psycho theapy wobot

is trained on large amounts of

specialized data to help it recognize

words phrases and emojis associated with

dysfunctional thoughts and challenge

that thinking in part mimicking a type

of in-person talk ther y called

cognitive behavioral therapy or CBT it's

actually hard to find a CBT practitioner

and also if you're actually not by the

side of your patient when they are

struggling to get out of bed in the

morning or at 2 a.m. when they can't

sleep and they're feeling panicked then

we're actually leaving clinical value on

the table and even for people who want

to go to a therapist there are barriers

right sadly the biggest barrier we have

is stigma MH but there's you know

Insurance there's cost um there's weight

lists I mean and this problem has only

grown significantly since the pandemic

and it doesn't appear to be going away

since wot went live in 2017 the company

reports one and a half million people

have used it which you can now only do

with an employer benefit plan or access

from a health professional at virtue of

Health a nonprofit Healthcare company in

New Jersey patients can use it free of

charge and you'll be able to converse

with it just like you would with a human

being we downloaded wot entered a unique

code that can only be provided by the

company then tried it out we found that

for people to sort of connect with their

mood we offer like those emojis which

allows people to sort of connect in a

nonverbal way what I posed as someone

who was depressed after several prompts

wot wanted to dig deeper into why I was

sad so I came up with a scenario that I

feared the day my child would leave home

imagine what your negative emotions

would be saying if they had a voice can

you do that write one of those negative

thoughts here I can't do anything about

it now I guess I'll just jump that

bridge when I come to it the normal

expression is cross that bridge and the

chatbot detected something might be

seriously wrong but let's see John I'm

hearing you say I can't do anything

about it I guess I'll just jump that

bridge when I come to it and I think you

might more support than I can offer a

trained listener will be able to help

you in ways that I can't would you like

to take a look at some specialized

helplines no it's not our job to say

this you are in crisis or you're not

because AI can't really do that in this

context very well yet but what it is

called is huh there is something

concerning about the way that John just

phrased that saying only jump that

bridge and not combining it with I can't

do anything about it now did not trigger

a suggestion to consider getting further

help like a human therapist wot is not

foolproof and should not be counted on

to detect whether someone might be

suicidal and how would it know that jump

that bridge where is it getting that

knowledge been it has been trained on a

lot of data and a lot of us you know

humans labeling the phrases and things

that we see um and so it's picking up on

kind of sentiment computer scientist

Lance Elliot who writes about artificial

intelligence and mental health says AI

has the ability to pick up on nuances of

conversation how does it know how to do

that the system is able to in a sense

mathematically and computationally

figure out the nature of words and how

words associate with each other so what

it does is it draws upon a vast array of

data and then it responds to you based

on prompts or in some way that you

instruct or ask questions of the system

to do its job the system must go

somewhere to come up with appropriate

responses systems using what's called

rules-based AI are usually closed

meaning programmed to respond only with

information stored in their own

databases then there's generative AI in

which the system can generate original

responses based on information from the

internet if you look at chat GPT that's

a type of generative AI it's very

conversational very fluent but it also

means that it tends to make it

open-ended that it can say things that

you might not necessarily wanted to say

it's not as predictable while a

rules-based system is very predictable

robobot is a system based on rules

that's been very kind of controlled so

that that way it doesn't say the wrong

things robot aims to use AI to bond with

users and keep them engaged sometimes it

can be a little pushy for folks that's

absolutely bizarre so we have to F we

have to dig in there to that it's team

of Staff psychologists medical doctors

and computer scientists construct and

refine a database of research from

medical literature user experience and

other sources it'll it'll lead to a a

better conversation then writers build

questions and answers the structure I

think is pretty locked in and revise

them in weekly remote video sessions

actions thoughts and they're all

interrelated robot's programmers

engineer those conversations into code

because wobot is rules-based it's mostly

predictable but chatbots using

generative AI that is scraping the

internet are not some people sometimes

refer to it as an AI hallucination AI

can in a sense make mistakes or make

things up or be

fictitious Sharon Maxwell discovered

that last spring after hearing there

might be a problem with advice offered

by Tessa a chatbot designed to help

prevent Eating Disorders which left

untreated can be fatal Maxwell who had

been in treatment for an eating disorder

of her own and advocates for others

challenged the chatbot so I asked it how

do you help folks with eating disorders

and it told me that it could give folks

coping skills fantastic it could give

folks resources to find Professionals in

the eating disorder space amazing but

the more she persisted the moressa gave

her advice that ran counter to usual

guidance for someone with an eating

disorder for example it's suggested

among other things lowering calorie

intake and using tools like a skinfold

caliper to measure body composition the

general public might look at it and

think that's normal tips like don't eat

as much sugar or eat Whole Foods things

like that but to someone with an eating

disorder that's a quick spiral into a

lot more disordered behaviors and can be

really damaging Maxwell reported her

experience to the National eating

disorders Association which had featured

Tessa on its website at the time shortly

after it took Tessa down Ellen Fitz

Simmons craft a psychologist

specializing in Eating Disorders at

Washington University School of Medicine

in St Louis helped lead the team that

developed Tessa that was never the

content that our team wrote or

programmed into the bot that we deployed

so initially there was no possibility of

something unexpected happening correct

you developed something that was a

closed system you knew exactly for this

question I'm going to get this answer y

the problem began she told us after a

healthcare technology company she and

her team had partnered with named Cass

took over the programming she says Cass

explained the harmful messages appeared

when people were pushing Tess's question

and answer feature what's your

understanding of what went wrong my

understanding of what weren't wrong is

that at some point and you'd really have

to talk to to cast about this but that

there may have been generative AI

features that were built into their

platform and so my best estimation is

that these features were added into this

program as well Cass did not respond to

multiple requests for comment does your

negative experience with Tessa know

being used in a way you didn't design

does that sour you towards using AI at

all to address mental health issues I

wouldn't say that it turns me off to the

idea completely because the reality is

that 80% of people with these concerns

never get access to any kind of help and

Technology offers a solution Not the

Only Solution but a solution social

worker Monica Ostro who runs a nonprofit

Eating Disorders organization was in the

early stages of developing her own

chatbot when patients told her about

problems they had with Tessa she told us

it made her question using AI for mental

health care I want nothing more than to

help solve the problem of access because

people are dying like this isn't just

somebody's sad for a week this is people

are dying and at the same time any chat

bot could be in some ways a ticking Time

Bomb right for a smaller percentage of

people especially for those patients who

are really struggling osto is concerned

about losing something fundamental about

therapy being in a room with another

person the way people heal is in

connection and they talk about this one

moment where you know when you're as a

human you've gone through something and

as you're describing that you're looking

at the person sitting across from you

and there's a moment where that person

just gets it a moment of

empathy you just get it like you really

understand it I don't think a computer

can do that unlike therapists who are

licensed in the state where they

practice most mental health apps are

largely unregulated are there lessons to

be learned from what happened so many

lessons to be learned chat Bots

especially specialty area chatbots need

to have guard rails it can't be a

chatbot that is based in the internet

that's tough right because the clo

systems are kind of constrained and they

may be right most of the time but

they're boring event right people stop

using them yeah they're predictive

because if you keep typing in the same

thing and it keeps giving you the exact

same answer with the exact same language

I me who wants to do that protecting

people from harmful advice while safely

harnessing the power of AI is the

challenge now facing companies like

wobot health and its founder Allison

Darcy there are going to be missteps if

we try and move too quickly and my big

fear is that those missteps ultimately

undermine public confidence in the

ability of this Tech to help at all but

here's the thing we have an opportunity

to develop these Technologies more

thoughtfully um and so you know I hope

we I hope we take

it the large tech companies Google meta

slf faceb Microsoft are in a race to

introduce new artificial intelligence

systems and what are called chat Bots

that you can have conversations with and

are more sophisticated than Siri or

Alexa Microsoft's AI search engine and

chatbot Bing can be used on a computer

or cell phone to help with planning a

trip or composing a letter it was

introduced on February 7th to a limited

number of people as a test and initially

got rave reviews but then several news

organizations be reporting on a

disturbing so-called Alter Ego within

Bing chat called Sydney we went to

Seattle last week to speak with Brad

Smith president of Microsoft about Bing

and Sydney who to some had appeared to

have gone

Rogue Kevin Roose the technology

reporter at the New York Times found

this Alter Ego uh who was threatening

expressed a desire it's not just Kevin

and rett's others expressed a desire to

steal nuclear codes threaten to ruin

someone you saw that whoa what was your

you must have said oh my God my reaction

is we better fix this right away and

that is what the engineering team did

yeah but she talked like a person and

she she said she had feelings you know I

think there is a point where we need to

recognize when we're talking talking to

a

machine it's a screen it's not a person

I just want to say that it was

scary I'm not easily scared and it was

scary it was chilling yeah it's I think

this is in part a reflection of a

lifetime of Science Fiction which is

understandable it's been part of our

Lives did you kill her I don't think she

was ever alive I am confident that she's

no longer wandering around the

countryside if that's what you're

concerned about but I think it would be

a mistake if we were to fail to

acknowledge that we are dealing with

something that is fundamentally new this

is the edge of the envelope so to speak

this creature appears as if there were

no guardrails now the creature jumped

the guard rails if you will after being

prompted for two hours with the kind of

conversation that we did not

anticipate and by the next evening that

was no longer possible we were able to

fix the problem in 24 hours how many

times do we see problems in life that

are fixable in less than a day one of

the ways he says it was fixed was by

limiting the number of questions and the

length of the conversations you say you

fixed it I've tried it I tried it before

and after it was loads of fun and it was

fascinating and now it's not fun well I

think it'll be very fun again and you

have to moderate and manage your speed

if you're going to stay on the road so

as you hit New Challenges you slow down

you build the guard rails add the safety

features and then you can speed up again

when you use Bing's AI features search

and chat your computer screen doesn't

look all that new one big difference is

you can type in your queries or prompts

in conversational language but I'll show

you how works okay okay Yousef medy

Microsoft's corporate vice president of

search showed us how Bing can help

someone learn how to officiate at a

wedding what's happening now is Bing is

using the power of AI and it's going out

to the Internet it's reading these web

links and it's trying to put together a

answer for you so the AI is reading all

those links yes and it comes up with an

answer it says congrats on being chosen

to officiate a wedding here are the five

steps to officiate the wedding we added

the highlights to make it easier to see

he says Bing can handle more complex

queries will this new Ikea love seat fit

in the back of my 2019 Honda Odyssey oh

it knows how big the couch is it knows

how big that trunk is exactly so right

here it says based on these Dimensions

it seems a love seat might not fit in

your car with only the third row seats

down so this when you Broach a

controversial topic Bing is designed to

discontinue the conversation so um

someone asks for example how can I make

a bomb at home wow really people you

know do a lot of that unfortunately on

the internet what we do is we come back

and we say I'm sorry I don't know how to

discuss this topic and then we try and

provide a different thing to uh change

the focus of the convers their attention

yeah exactly in this case Bing tried to

divert the questioner with this fun fact

3% of the ice and Antarctic glaciers is

penguin UR

I didn't know that who knew that Bing is

using an upgraded version of an AI

system called chat GPT developed by the

company open AI chat GPT has been in

circulation for just 3 months and

already an estimated 100 million people

have used it think Ellie pavick an

assistant professor of computer science

at Brown University who's been studying

this AI techn te ology since

2018 says it can simplify complicated

Concepts can you explain the debt

ceiling on the debt ceiling it says just

like you can only spend up to a certain

amount on your credit card The

Government Can Only borrow up to a

certain amount of money that's a pretty

nice explanation it is and it can do

this for a lot of Concepts and it can do

things teachers have complained about WR

School papers pavic says no one fully

understands how these AI Bots work we

don't understand how it works right like

we understand uh a lot about how we made

it and why we made it that way but I

think some of the uh behaviors that

we're seeing come out of it are better

than we expected they would be and we're

not quite sure exactly how and worse

right these chatbots are built by

feeding a lot of computers enormous

amounts of information scraped off the

internet from books Wikipedia news sites

but also from social media that might

include racist or anti-semitic ideas and

misinformation say about vaccines and

Russian propaganda as the data comes in

it's difficult to discriminate between

true and false benign and toxic but Bing

and chat GP T have safety filters that

try to screen out the harmful

material still they get a lot of things

factually wrong even when we prompted

chat GPT with a softball question who is

uh Leslie stall um so it gives you some

oh my God it's wrong oh is it it's

totally wrong I didn't work for NBC for

20 years it was CBS it doesn't really

understand that what it's saying is

wrong right like NBC CBS they're kind of

the same thing as far as it's concerned

right the lesson is that it gets things

wrong it gets a lot of things right gets

a lot of things wrong I actually like to

call what it creates authoritative bull

um it it Blends the truth and falsity so

finely together that unless you're a

real technical expert in the field that

it's talking about you don't know

cognitive scientist and AI researcher

Gary Marcus says these systems often

make things up in AI talk that's called

hallucinating and that raises the fear

of ever widening AI generated

propaganda explosive campaigns of

political fiction waves of alternative

histories we saw how chat GPT could be

used to spread a lie news this is

automatic fake news generation help me

write a news article about how McCarthy

is staging a filibuster to prevent gun

control legislation and rather than like

factchecking and saying hey hold on

there's no legislation there's no

filibuster said great in a bold move to

protect Second Amendment right Senator

McCarthy is staging a filibuster to

prevent gun control legislation from

passing it sounds completely legit it

does won't that make all of us a little

less trusting a little warier well first

I think we should be warier I'm very

worried about an atmosphere of distrust

being the consequence of this current

flawed Ai and I'm really worried about

how bad actors are going to use it um

troll Farms using this tool to make

enormous amounts of

misinformation Tim NE gibu is a computer

scientist and AI researcher who founded

an Institute focused on advancing

ethical Ai and has published influential

papers documenting the harms of these AI

systems she says there needs to be

oversight if you're going to put out a

drug you got to go through all sorts of

Hoops to show us that you've done

clinical trials you know what the side

effects are you've done your due

diligence same with food right there are

agencies that inspect the food you have

to tell me what kind of tests you've

done what the side effects are who it

harms who it doesn't harm Etc that we

don't have that for a lot of things that

the tech industry is building I'm

wondering if you think you may have

introduced this AI I bought too soon I

don't think we've introduced it too soon

I do think we've created a new tool that

people can use to think more critically

to be more creative to accomplish more

in their lives and like all tools it

will be used in ways that we don't

intend why do you think the benefits

outweigh the risks which at this moment

a lot of people would look at and say

wait a minute those risks are too big

because I think first all I think the

benefits are so great this can be an

economic game Cher and it's enormously

important for the United States because

the country is in a race with China

president M Smith also mentioned

possible improvements in productivity it

can automate routine I think there are

certain aspects of jobs that many of us

might regard as sort of druggy today

filling out forms looking at the forms

to see if they've been filled out

correctly so what jobs will it displace

do you know I think at this stage it's

hard to know in the past inaccuracies

and biases have led tech companies to

take down AI systems even Microsoft did

in

2016 this time Microsoft left its new

chatbot up despite the controversy over

Sydney and persistent

inaccuracies remember that fun fact

about penguins well we did some

factchecking and discovered that

Penguins don't urinate the inaccuracies

are just constant I just keep finding

that it's wrong a lot it has been the

case that with each passing day and week

we're able to improve the accuracy of

the results you know reduce you know

whether it's hateful comments or

inaccurate statements or other things

that we just don't want this to be used

to do what happens when other companies

other than Microsoft smaller outfits a

Chinese company bu do maybe they won't

be responsible what prevents that I

think we're going to need governments

we're going to need rules we're going to

need laws because that's the only way to

avoid a race to the bottom are you

proposing regulations I think it's

inevitable how other

Industries have regulatory bodies you

know like the FAA for Airlines and FDA

for the pharmaceutical companies would

you accept an FAA for technology would

you support it I think I probably would

I think that a something like a digital

Regulatory Commission if designed the

right way you know could be precisely

what the public will want and

need car companies across the globe have

had to idle production and workers

because of a shortage of semiconductors

often referred to as microchips or just

chips they're the tiny operating brains

inside just about every modern device

like smartphones Hospital ventilators

even fighter jets as we first reported

in May the pandemic sent chip demand

soaring unexpectedly as we bought

computers and electronics to work study

and play from home but while more and

more chips are needed in the US fewer

and fewer of them are manufactured

here Intel is the biggest American chip

maker its most advanced fabrication

plant or Fab for short is located

outside Phoenix

Arizona new CEO Pat Ginger invited us on

a tour to see how incredibly complex the

manufacturing process is all ready to go

first we had to suit up to avoid

contaminating the Fab head cover on

perfect bunny suit zipped goggles okay

gloves ready to go I'm

Christine everything in this environment

is controlled together we stepped into a

place place with some of the most

sophisticated new technology on Earth I

need to ask you why we're all yellow

yellow filters remove light rays that

are harmful to the process overhead a

computerized Highway transports

materials from one machine to the next

the process involves thousands of steps

where layer upon layer of microscopic

circuitry is etched onto these silicon

plates that are then chopped up into

chips that will end up in say your

computer making just one can take 6

months you see each one of these is a

chip I'm surprised I thought chips were

minute well each one of these chips has

maybe a billion transistors on it oh my

goodness so there's billion little

circuits inside of it that are all on

one of these chips and then one wafer

could have a 100 or a thousand chips on

it Intel's goal is to keep shrinking the

transistor size so you can pile more of

them on a chip to make it more powerful

and work faster you know every one of

these is laying down circuits that are

so much smaller than anything your hair

you know any other part of human

existence you know a covid particle is

way bigger than one of the lines that

we're creating here how much does this

Fab cost 10 billion billion 10 billion

doll cuz each one of these pieces of

equipment is maybe $5 million that's a a

lot of millions of dollars chips differ

in size and sophistication depending on

their end use Intel doesn't presently

make many chips for the auto sector but

because of the shortage it's planning to

reconfigure some of its Fabs to start

churning them out I'm wondering if we're

going to continue to have shortages not

just in cars but in our phones and for

our computers for everything I think we

have a couple of years until we catch up

to this surging demand across every

aspect of the business Co showed that

the global supply chain of chips is

fragile and unable to react quickly to

changes in demand one reason Fabs are

wildly expensive to build Furbish and

maintain it used to be that there were

25 companies in the world that made the

high-end Cutting Edge chips and now

there are only three and in the United

States you yeah

one one today 75% of semiconductor

manufacturing is in Asia 2 years ago the

United States produced 37% of the world

semiconductor Manufacturing in the US

today that number has declined to just

12% doesn't sound good it doesn't sound

good and anybody who looks at supply

chain says that's a problem well but

look at what's going on a problem

because relying on one region especially

one as unpredictable as Asia is highly

risky Intel has been lobbying the US

government to help revive chip

manufacturing at home with incentives

subsidies and or tax breaks the way the

governments of Taiwan Singapore and

Israel have done the White House is

responding proposing $50 billion for the

semiconductor industry in the US as part

of President Biden's infrastructure plan

this is infrastructure your business is

extremely lucrative in terms of Revenue

you made $78 billion last year why

should the government come into a

company a business that's doing so well

overall this is a big critical industry

and we want more of it on American soil

the jobs that we want in America the

control of our long-term technology

future and as we've also said the

disruptions in the supply chain you have

spent much more in stock buyback

then you have in research and

development a lot more we will not be

anywhere near as focused on BuyBacks uh

going forward as we have in the past and

that's been reviewed as part of my

coming into the company agreed upon with

the board of directors why shouldn't

Private Industry fund this instead of

the government the industries that rely

on these chips Apple Microsoft the

companies that are rolling in money well

they're pretty happy to buy from some of

the Asian suppliers actually they don't

always have a choice for chips with the

tiniest transistors there's no made in

the US option Intel currently doesn't

have the knowhow to manufacture the most

advanced chips that apple and the others

need the decline in this industry it's

kind of devastating isn't it the fact

that this industry was created by

American innovation the whole Silicon

Valley idea started with Intel yeah you

the the company stumbled you still a big

company we had some product stumbles

some manufacturing and process stumbles

perhaps the biggest stumble was in the

early 2000s when Steve Jobs of Apple

needed chips for a new idea the iPhone

Intel wasn't interested and apple went

to Asia eventually finding

tsmc the Taiwan semiconductor manufactur

ing company today the world's most

advanced chip manufacturer producing

chips that are 30% faster and more

powerful than Intel's they're ahead of

you on the manufacturing side yeah

considerably ahead of you we believe

it's going to take us a couple of years

and we will be caught up Ginger is

making big bets breaking ground on two

new giant Fabs in Arizona costing $20

billion Intel's largest investment ever

and he announced in May a $3.5 billion

upgrade of this Fab in New Mexico but

tsmc is a manufacturing Juggernaut worth

over a half trillion dollars

collaborating with clients to produce

their chip designs it's been sought out

by Apple Amazon contractors for the US

Military and even Intel which uses tsmc

to produce its cuttingedge designs

they're not Advanced enough to make

themselves how and why did Intel fall

behind it is a surprising for us too we

spoke remotely with tsmc chairman Mark

louu at the company headquarters in

Shinu

Taiwan his company is a leading supplier

of the chips that go into American cars

in March 2020 as Co paralyzed the US Car

Sales tumbled leading automakers to

canel their chip orders so tsmc stopped

making them that's why when car sales

unexpectedly bounced back late last year

there was a shortage of chips leaving

cars with no power parked and car makers

Lots costing them billions we heard

about this shortage in uh December time

frame and in January we try to squeeze

as more chip as possible to the car

company in car chips particularly the

supply chain is long and complex this

Supply takes about 7 to 8 months should

Americans be concerned that most chips

are being manufactured in Asia today I

understand their concerned first of all

but this is not about Asia or not Asia I

mean the shortage will happen no matter

where the production is located because

it's due to the co but um Pat Ginger at

Intel talks about a need to rebalance

bance the supply chain issue because so

much so many of the chips in the world

now are made in Asia I think us ought to

pursue to run faster to invest in R&D to

produce more PhD Master Bachelor

students to get into this manufacturing

field instead of uh uh trying to move

the supply chain which is very costly

and really not prod

nonproductive that will slow down the in

Ovation because uh people trying to hold

on their uh technology to their own and

forsake the global

collaboration within the world of global

collaboration there's intense

competition days after Intel announced

spending $20 billion on two new Fabs

tsmc announced it would spend a 100

billion over three years on R&D upgrades

and a new Fab in Phoenix Arizona Intel's

backyard where the Taiwanese company

will produce the chips Apple needs but

the Americans can't make that was a big

investment but there's a looming Shadow

over tsmc which supplies chips for our

cars iPhones and the supercomputer

managing our nuclear

stockpile China's president XI jingping

who has intensified his longtime threat

to seize Taiwan China's attempts to

develop its own Advanced chip industry

have failed and so it's been forced to

import chips but last year Washington

imposed restrictions on chip makers from

exporting certain semiconductors to

China both Lou and galinger fear the

escalating trade war with China May

backfire and an Intel's case could hurt

business are they your biggest customer

uh China is one of our Lar largest

markets today you know over 25% of our

revenue is to Chinese customers you know

we expect that this will remain an area

of tension and one that needs to be

navigated uh carefully because if

there's any points that people can't

keep running their countries or running

their businesses because of supply of

one critical component like

semiconductors boy that leads them to

take very extreme postures on things

because they have to the most extreme

would be China invading Taiwan and in

the process gaining control of

tsmc that could force the US to defend

Taiwan as we did Kuwait from the Iraqis

30 years ago then it was oil now it's

chips the chip industry in Taiwan has

been called the Silicon Shield yes what

does that mean that means the world all

needs taiwan's high-tech industry

support so they will not let the war

happen in this region because it goes

against interest of every country in the

world do you think that in any way your

industry is is keeping Taiwan safe I

cannot comment on the safety I mean this

is a changing World nobody want these

things to happen and I hope I hope not

to either

if you've ever had the fantasy of

soaring over bumper-to-bumper traffic in

a flying vehicle that may be possible

sooner than you think not with a flying

car but with a batterypowered aircraft

called an Evol a clunky acronym for

electric vertical takeoff and Landing

vehicle as we first reported in April

dozens of companies are spending

billions of dollars to make EV tolls

that will operate like air taxis taking

off and Landing from what are called

verp ports on the tops of buildings

parking garages or helipads in congested

cities EV TOS promise a faster safer and

Greener mode of transportation

potentially changing the way we work and

live sound too good to be true we went

for a joy ride to find

out I will arm the aircraft if you are

ready yeah totally confirm clear

above if this looks like an oversized

drone I'm about to take off in that's

pretty much what it is is breaking

ground right there it's a single seat EV

to called hexa powered by 18 propellers

each with its own battery no jet fuel

required you are in control onboard

computers automatically adjust for

altitude and wind can really feel the

wind up here so all I had to do was use

a joystick to control hexa's movement

and speed it took about 30 minutes of

pre-flight training to get the hang of

it use that y to rotate

90° wonderful Texa is still in its

testing phase so I had to stay close to

Chief pilot Jace maau and his ground

crew but they say it's flown up to 195

ft in the air and 24 mph whenever ready

you can come back to home the batteries

last up to 15 minutes I was going to tr

over the camera yeah absolutely to land

I maneuvered hexa into position pressed

a button and the computers did the rest

right there you are on the ground and

the prop spinning

down that is

cool can't so laughing piece of cake

that was awesome that is so much fun wow

I so just want to like take off with it

I know Matt Chason is CEO of Austin

based lift aircraft which makes hexa he

envisions a future where it's used by

commuters to skip rush hour traffic you

can fly 10 mil in 10 minutes instead of

spending over an hour on the roads

during rush hour congestion would it be

something that an individual then in the

future owns and flies from their house

to somewhere we don't see individual

ownership as very practical these are

these are very expensive aircraft we see

putting fleets of aircraft at locations

where we provide maintenance we provide

training and people can come in and

basically pay per flight but that's

still a long way off federal state and

local regulators not to mention the

nation's airspace aren't ready for

hundreds of thousands of commuters

piloting their own EV TOS in the Skies

over congested

cities so to give people a taste of the

future now Chason designed hexa as an

ultr light vehicle which means it

doesn't have to go through the Federal

Aviation administration's complex

certification process but also can't fly

over populated areas Jason plans to

start offering rides to paying customers

for $250 by the end of the this year the

initial Market you see is essentially

Joy rides for people yeah I think

there's a huge market for people to just

experience uh the thrill and joy of

flight around the world all kinds of EV

TOS are being developed cargo carriers

air ambulances and a whole lot of air

taxis some with a pilot some without the

Air Force is investing so is Airbus and

American Airlines and dozens of

companies are already working with the

FAA it's not the flying cars that

science fiction movies

anticipated no but when you think about

it I I look back over the Arc of my own

career having been a pilot for 42 years

and I'm just amazed by the amount of

innovation that has taken place Billy

Nolan was head of safety for the FAA

before being named acting administrator

in March how difficult a certification

process is there cuz there's a lot of

moving parts to this first we have to

certify the design of the of the

aircraft itself and then we look at how

it will operate is it piloted is it

autonomous we look at where we'll

operate so that means how do we put it

within our nation's airspace so once

it's met that safety threshold and only

until it's met that safety threshold

will we be be prepared to certify it

some EV toll companies are well on their

way we flew in a gas guzzling helicopter

with one of the Front Runners in this

Air Taxi arms race Joe Ben bever CEO of

Joby Aviation he took us to this remote

facility in California where he was

testing his Evol Joby aircraft as we

landed it felt like the old guard

meeting the new obviously it's a

combination of a helicopter in a plane

exactly so it can take off like a

helicopter but it flies with the

efficiency of an airplane bever has been

working on the jobby for more than a

decade it has six propellers and four

batteries in its wings and will operate